| 题名 | 天山北坡绿洲景观演化与土地开发过程研究——以三工河流域为例 |
| 作者 | 王玉刚 |
| 学位类别 | 博士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2007 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院．新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| 导师 | 肖笃宁，中科院沈阳应用生态研究所 |
| 关键词 | 景观演变 |
| 其他题名 | The landscape evolution and land development process in the alluvial oasis at the northern foot of Tianshan Mountain: a case study of oasis in Sangong river watershed |
| 中文摘要 | 针对干旱区内陆河流域水资源的有限性，以及绿洲水土资源的不平衡导致的荒漠化严重发生的现实情况，本文从景观生态学的综合研究出发，综合应用景观格局分析方法、GIS、RS和地统计、统计等手段，以三工河流域绿洲区为例，重点讨论了流域尺度和典型灌区尺度上的绿洲景观演化及其土地开发过程，并在此基础上构建了人工绿洲发育度评价体系，对研究区人工绿洲发育演化状态进行了综合评价，从而揭示人为活动作用下绿洲演化过程，深入了解景观格局与绿洲生态过程的相互作用机制，从而为土地管理部门合理的土地利用规划以及建立荒漠化防止模式提供理论基础。主要研究成果： 1.人为土地开发作用的加强，增加了景观的多样性，同时加剧景观破碎化，区域景观斑块由自然景观类型中的草地景观类型为主导，转变为人工景观中的耕地景观类型。由于区域耕地的增加，从而引发对水资源需求的加大，造成人为进行水利建设作用加强，水资源条件的变化对景观演变具有一定的推动作用，并且在人为社会与经济活动作用下，加快了区域景观演化过程。 2.流域尺度上，土壤表层0～20cm土壤盐分在1.5~15km的中尺度上，具有强的空间变异性和自相关性，整个绿洲区南部老绿洲土壤盐化面积及作用小于北部新绿洲，耕地景观类型的盐化作用及其面积强于其他景观类型，新绿洲盐化面积高于老绿洲，新绿洲耕地中有38.81％土地面积受盐害作用，而老绿洲仅为8.54％，并且在流域空间上，土壤盐分运移具有明显的滞留和迁移特征，在绿洲上部（冰湖水库以上）为绿洲下游区域盐分的汇集发生源 ；在灌区单元上，无论是阜康灌区还是阜北灌区，景观类型变化在结构、数量和空间分布上具有强的变化特征，各种景观类型的空间转移剧烈，研究区在绿洲化进程的同时，荒漠化作用也在加重，并且绿洲化作用高于荒漠化作用。在阜康灌区，区域灌溉具有明显的洗盐作用；在阜北灌区，水库输水灌溉是引发区域地下水位抬升的直接因素，间接导致土壤盐渍化程度的加重，在长时间范围，土壤盐渍化依旧是制约阜北灌区耕地生产力的一个负面因素。 3.流域尺度上，土壤有机碳主要发布在4.5-6g/kg和10.5-12g/kg范围中，阜康绿洲区土壤有机碳含量明显要高于阜北绿洲区。平均有机碳含量耕地景观类型含量最高，其次为草地景观类型，最低的为裸地，并且单位面积土壤有机碳储量阜康绿洲最高，流域绿洲次之，最小的为阜北绿洲，并且耕地与草地景观类型土壤有机碳储量所占的比重最大，耕地景观类型土壤有机碳储量最高。在灌区尺度上，无论是阜北灌区还是阜康灌区，在区域人为土地利用的过程中，土壤有机碳趋向于散失过程。 4.人为土地利用的格局改变，在改善区域土壤的结构起到积极的作用。土地退化主要分布在北部靠近沙漠区，沿沙漠区向绿洲内部表现为土地退化的程度降低，土地质量的提高主要发生在土地质量差的区域，土地质量的下降主要发生在土地质量高的区域。 5.基于42项绿洲景观结构、绿洲植被生态建设、水资源利用程度、绿洲生产力水平、社会经济状况、绿洲土壤结构、绿洲能值特征和绿洲水利工程建设水平构建了人工绿洲发育度评价体系，运用因子分析法得出研究区绿洲演化状态，阜康绿洲为较高开发程度下的绿洲，阜北绿洲为潜在开发程度下的绿洲，三工河流域绿洲整体为弱开发程度下的绿洲。The study mainly aims at the status of limited water resources in the continental river watershed of arid area and imbalance of water-soil resources in oasis to result in land desertification. The study is directed by landscape ecology as a basal theory, using the methods of landscape pattern analysis，GIS，RS，statistics and geostatistics, the process of land use and oasis landscape evolution are studied at watershed scale and irrigation region scale. The artificial oasis maturity assessment indicator system and calculation criteria for indicators are also put forward and developed, based on oasis maturity theory, and the status of artificial oasis maturity and evolution for different oasis region in Sangong river watershed was then carried out in order to open out the process of oasis evolution by human activities and to realize the interaction between landscape pattern and oasis ecology process. The results of this study can provide scientific basis for land resources administration to mange and program land use. The main results are as follows, 1.The change of landscape pattern induced by the increasing intensity of land exploitation in human activities is a key factor that results in the increasing of landscape diversity and the fractionizing of the landscape. The main landscape patch type changed from grassland in nature landscape type to cropland in artificial landscape type. Due to increasing area of cropland, more water resources are demand which caused to enforce construction in irrigation works. The change of condition of water resources promoted the oasis landscape evolution, and the process of landscape evolution in region can be quick by the action of society and economy activities. 2.At watershed scale, soil salinity in topsoil (0-20cm) shows the great spatial variability and spatial autocorrelation at 1.5-15km scale. Results of mapping of soil salinity by Kriging and comparison it with landscape maps showing that area of soil salinization in old oasis is smaller than in new oasis, and degree of soil salinization in old oasis is lower. Also, area of cropland with soil salinity is larger than other landscape types, 38.8% of cropland in new oasis is the moderate affected by salinity, only 8.54% in old oasis. A clear characteristic of soil salinity transfer and sinks is the source of soil salinity in oasis of lower watershed come from the sink of soil salinity in oasis of upper watershed (upper oasis of Binhu reservoir). At irrigation region scale, whatever Fukang oasis or Fubei oasis, the change of landscape types in landscape structure, number, and spatial distribution is obvious, transition area of landscape type each other was mainly taking place. The process of oasisization is more intense than desertification both the process of oasiszation and desertification. There was a clear process of washing salt in soil by transmission of irrigation water in Fukang oasis. Agricultural irrigation by water from reservoir was main factor directly to cause the shallow groundwater table rising, then indirectly to lead to soil salinisation, and in a long time, soil salinity was a bad factor to limit production of cropland in Fubei oasis. 3.At watershed scale, SOC distributed the range of 4.5~6g/kg and 10.5~12g/kg, index of SOC was higher in Fukang oasis than in Fubei oasis. Average of SOC sequestration and the ratio of SOC sequestration were highest in cropland patch type, the following in grassland, lowest in bald land. Per area of SOC sequestration: Fukang oasis > Sangong river watershed oasis > Fubei oasis. At irrigation region scale，whatever Fukang oasis and Fubei oasis, SOC is a trend of lose in the process of land use by human activities. 4.Human activities are the major driving forces in ameliorating the soil properties under the change of landscape pattern in agricultural oasis induced by human activities, and the degree of land degradation was higher in the region adjacent to desert than that further inside the oasis. Ameliorative of land quality is in regions of bad land quality, while land degradation is in regions of good land quality. 5.Based on 42 the oasis maturity indicators relating to oasis landscape structure, vegetation ecology construction, oasis production level, social economic level, oasis soil structure, oasis emergy characteristic, and hydro-engineering construction level, the artificial oasis maturity assessment system was constructed. And the artificial oasis maturity index was finally figured out in different oasis region by the factor analysis method. The result show that Fukang oasis is a high developed agricultural oasis, Fubei oasis is a potential developed agricultural oasis, Entire oasis in Sangong river watershed is a lower or not fully developed agricultural oasis. |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 学科主题 | 在生态环境科学上的应用 |
| 公开日期 | 2010-11-12 |
| 页码 | 共182页 |
| 内容类型 | 学位论文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.xjlas.org/handle/365004/7900]  |
| 专题 | 新疆生态与地理研究所_中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所(2010年以前数据) |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 王玉刚. 天山北坡绿洲景观演化与土地开发过程研究——以三工河流域为例[D]. 中国科学院．新疆生态与地理研究所. 2007. |
| 个性服务 |
| 查看访问统计 |
| 相关权益政策 |
| 暂无数据 |
| 收藏/分享 |
除非特别说明，本系统中所有内容都受版权保护，并保留所有权利。
修改评论