| 题名 | 中国生态系统土壤保持功能变化及其影响因素 |
| 作者 | 饶恩明 |
| 学位类别 | 博士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2015-05 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 欧阳志云 ; 肖燚 |
| 关键词 | 土壤保持，土壤侵蚀，空间格局，生态保护，生态系统服务，通用土壤 流失方程，中国，soil conservation, soil erosion, spatial pattern, ecological protection, ecosystem service, Universal Soil Loss Equation, China |
| 其他题名 | Soil conservation service changes (2000-2010) and its influencing factors of China’s ecosystem |
| 学位专业 | 生态学 |
| 中文摘要 | 土壤侵蚀是全球性环境问题之一，严重威胁国家与区域生态安全；土壤保持是生态系统通过其结构与过程减少由于降水所导致的土壤侵蚀的作用，是生态系统重要调节服务之一。土壤保持功能空间格局评价是明确土壤保持重要区域，实现土壤侵蚀控制和生态保护的基础和前提。 近年来我国经济社会高速发展，资源开发利用程度加大，各类生态系统受到不同程度开发、干扰和破坏，生态系统极度退化，生态功能大幅降低。与此同时，随着生态问题的凸现以及环境意识的提高，中国实施了一系列生态保护与建设工程，为遏制我国生态退化、改善生态质量起到了积极作用。在双重因素影响下，如何评价区域生态系统服务功能保护成效，为科学决策提供信息支持，是生态系统管理面临的挑战。 基于十年变化调查的数据支持，我们以2000年为基准年，2010年为现状年，通过遥感解译、参数率定、模型模拟和典型区域校正对全国生态系统土壤保持功能开展评估。在分析我国土壤保持功能空间分异规律和十年变化特征基础上，进一步揭示其变化驱动因素。主要研究结果如下： （1）本研究以通用土壤流失方程为基础，根据我国气候、自然地理、生态系统特征对模型中降雨侵蚀力因子、土壤可蚀性因子、地形因子、植被覆盖因子等参数进行率定与本土化，提高了区域生态系统土壤保持功能评估的精度。 （2）2010年，我国土壤侵蚀（水蚀）面积为173.06万km2，土壤侵蚀量为88.74亿吨，土壤侵蚀模数为9.36 t hm-2a-1；农田和草地是我国土壤侵蚀的主要来源。空间上，侵蚀严重区域主要位于黄土高原、三峡库区、金沙江干热河谷、澜沧江中下游流域、横断山南段等。 （3）2010年，我国生态系统土壤保持总量为 1979.62亿吨，土壤保持强度为 208.88t hm-2 a-1，土壤保持率为95.71%；空间上主要受控于地带性因素—气候因素，整体呈现东南高西北低的宏观格局。土壤保持极重要区主要位于长白山、燕山—太行山脉、黄土高原、祁连山、天山、横断山脉、秦巴山地、苗岭和皖南山区等；土壤保持重要区主要位于黄土高原、秦岭、川西高原、藏东南和东 南丘陵等。对这些区域的良好保护将使我国 75%的土壤保持功能得到保育。 （4）2000~2010年，我国生态系统土壤保持功能整体增强。土壤保持总量增加 13.13亿吨（增幅0.67%），土壤保持强度增加 1.38 t hm-2a-1，土壤保持率提高0.64个百分点。空间上，土壤保持功能分布格局总体变化不大，但局部地区变化明显。功能增强区域主要分布于黄土高原、秦巴山区、三峡库区、大娄山、苗岭以及仙霞岭等地；功能削弱区域主要分布于岷山、邛崃山、新疆中部、西藏东南 部、云南中部与南部、广西中部以及广东北部等地。集中开展水土保持工作的黄土高原地区土壤保持功能显著增强（增幅 5.14%），该区土壤保持变化约占全国土壤保持总变化的 64.20%。 （5）十年来，各生态工程区土壤保持功能均有所增强，植被恢复程度普遍高于全国平均水平。天然林资源保护工程区、退耕还林工程区和国家生态安全屏障区内土壤保持功能分别增加了 1.29%、0.78%和 0.95%，土壤保持变化各占全国土壤保持总变化的 70.37%、88.65%和 41.81%。 （6）植被因素是引起生态系统土壤保持能力变化的直接原因。生态保护工程的实施对遏制我国生态系统退化，增强生态系统土壤保持功能发挥了重要作用;气温升高和城市化通过促进植被的生长和恢复，一定程度上促进了区域生态系统土壤保持功能的提高。农田开垦和地震灾害对生态系统结构的破坏是导致我国生态系统土壤保持功能退化的重要原因。 可见，我国土壤侵蚀依然严重，十年间生态系统土壤保持功能呈逐渐增强趋势，生态保护与建设工程实施、城市化过程是生态系统土壤保持功能增强的主要因素，但农业开发、自然灾害对生态系统土壤保持功能带来的损害不容忽视。在面积较小、土壤保持功能较强的土壤保持重要区域建设生态功能保护区将有助于提高生态保护效率、维护区域生态安全。此外，我们的研究还表明：采用遥感参量反演、野外定位观测以及典型区域校正相结合的方法可以提高大尺度生态系统土壤保持功能评估的精度，是适合开展区域尺度生态系统土壤保持功能评估的有效途径。 |
| 英文摘要 | Soil erosion is one of the world's environmental problems, which seriously threaten the national and regional ecological security. Soil conservation is an important regulating service that can reduce water erosion through ecosystem structures and processes. The spatial pattern of soil conservation service is important for critical area identification, and is the basis and premise of soil erosion control and ecological protection. In recent years, the rapid development of economy and society, along with increased resources utilization, disturb, damage and degrade our ecosystems, leading to great reduction in ecological functions as a result. Meanwhile, the awareness of ecological issues prompts China to implement a series of ecological protection and construction projects, so as to curb China's ecological degradation and improve the ecological quality. Under the influence of the two aspects, how to assess the effectiveness of protection, so as to provide information for scientific decision-making, is still a challenge in ecosystem management. Based on the data from National Remote Sensing Survey and Assessment of Eco-Environment Change between 2000 and 2010, we assessed the ecosystem’s soil conservation service on the national scale using remote sensing, parameter calibration,model simulation and regional correction. In the analysis of the spatial pattern and temporal change of soil conservation service, we discussed and revealed the drivers of change in the end. The main findings are as follows: (1) Based on the Universal Soil Loss Equation, we calibrated and localized the parameters including rainfall erosivity factor, soil erodibility factor, topographic factor, and vegetation cover factor, according to the climate, physical geography, and ecosystems in China. As a result, we managed to improve the accuracy of regional soil conservation service assessment. (2) In 2010, there was 173.06 million ha land suffering from water erosion in China,with a total soil erosion amount of 8.87 billion tons and average soil erosion rate of 9.36t hm-2a-1. Farmlands and grasslands are the main source of soil erosion. Spatially,severe soil erosion are mainly located in the Loess Plateau, the Three Gorges reservoir area, the Jinsha River valley, the middle and lower reaches of the Lancang River Basin,the southern Hengduan Mountains. (3) In 2010, a total of 197.96 billion tons of soil was retained by ecosystems in China, with a soil conservation capacity of 208.88 t hm-2a-1 and a soil retention rate of 95.71%. Generally, the southeastern China displayed a higher capacity than the northwest, implying the control effect of climate on spatial pattern. The extremely important areas for soil conservation were mainly located in the Changbai Mountain, the Yanshan-Taihang mountains, the Loess Plateau, the Qilian Mountain, the Tianshan Mountain, the Hengduan Mountains, the Miaoling Mountain and mountainous area in southern Anhui Province. The important areas for soil conservation were mainly located in the Loess Plateau, the Qinling Mountains, the western Sichuan Plateau, the southeastern Tibet and hills in southeastern China. 75% of soil conservation service will be preserved if these areas are well protected. (4) From 2000 to 2010, the ecosystems’ soil conservation service was generally enhanced, with an increase of 1.31 billion tons of soil retained, accounting for 0.67% of the soil conservation service in 2000. The soil conservation capacity and soil retention rate increased by 1.38 t hm-2 a-1 and 0.64 percentage points, respectively.The spatial pattern of soil conservation service stayed consistent between 2000 and 2010, except for some local areas. Enhancements were mainly distributed in the Loess Plateau, the Qinling-Daba Mountains, the Three Gorges reservoir area, the Dalou Mountain, the Miaoling Mountain and the Xianxialing Mountain. Reductions were mainly distributed in the Minshan Mountain, the Qionglai Mountain, the central Xinjiang, the southeastern Tibet, the central and southern Yunnan, the central Guangxi,and the northern Guangdong. In the Loess Plateau, where erosion control and ecological protection efforts focused, the ecosystems’ soil conservation service was significantly enhanced (increase of 5.14%), accounting for 64.20% of the total change. (5) In the decade, the ecosystems’ soil conservation service was definitely enhanced under ecological protection and restoration programs, and the vegetation restoration was better than the national average as well. The Natural Forest Conservation Program, the Grain to Green Program, and the National Ecological Security Barrier increased its soil conservation service by 1.29%, 0.78%, and 0.95%, respectively, accounting for 70.37%, 88.65%, and 41.81% of the total change, respectively. (6) Vegetation is the direct factor inducing changes in soil conservation service.The ecological protection programs plays an important role in curbing ecosystems’degradation and enhancing the soil conservation service. Warming and urbanization, to some extent, improved the soil conservation service regionally, by promoting the growth and recovery of vegetation. Reclamation and earthquake, through damage to ecosystem structures, are important causes of degradation in soil conservation service. In short, China is still suffering from serious water erosion, while ecosystems’ soil conservation service gradually increased in the decade. Ecological protection and restoration and urbanization are the main factors of soil conservation improvement, but the reduction due to agricultural development and natural disasters can not be ignored. The construction of ecological function protected areas at critical regions, which have small area but strong soil conservation capacity, will help improve the efficiency of ecological protection and maintain the ecological security for a region. In addition, our study also showed that: the combination of Remote Sensing-based parameter inversion, situ observation, and regional correction can improve the accuracy of soil conservation assessment on large scales, making it an effective way in assessing regional soil conservation service. |
| 内容类型 | 学位论文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.rcees.ac.cn/handle/311016/34364]  |
| 专题 | 生态环境研究中心_城市与区域生态国家重点实验室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 饶恩明. 中国生态系统土壤保持功能变化及其影响因素[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2015. |
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